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P-660HW-T v2 User’s Guide
Appendix F IP Subnetting 301
Host IDs of all zeros represent the subnet itself and host IDs of all ones are the broadcast
address for that subnet, so the actual number of hosts available on each subnet in the example
above is 2
7
– 2 or 126 hosts for each subnet.
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is the subnet itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is the directed broadcast address for the first subnet. Therefore, the lowest IP
address that can be assigned to an actual host for the first subnet is 192.168.1.1 and the highest
is 192.168.1.126. Similarly the host ID range for the second subnet is 192.168.1.129 to
192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The above example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a class “C” address space
into two subnets. Similarly to divide a class “C” address into four subnets, you need to
“borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet
mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet
contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
6
-2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (all zeroes is the subnet itself,
all ones is the broadcast address on the subnet).
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 136 Subnet 2 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
Table 137 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 138 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
- P-660HW-T v2 1
- Copyright 3
- Certifications 4
- Notices 5
- Viewing Certifications 5
- Safety Warnings 6
- Safety Warnings 7 7
- ZyXEL Limited Warranty 8
- Customer Support 9
- P-660HW-T v2 User’s Guide 10
- 10 Customer Support 10
- Table of Contents 11
- Chapter 6 13
- Chapter 7 13
- Chapter 8 14
- Chapter 9 14
- Chapter 10 15
- List of Figures 21
- 26 List of Figures 26
- List of Tables 27
- About This User's Guide 31
- Syntax Conventions 31
- Related Documentation 31
- User Guide Feedback 32
- Graphics Icons Key 32
- CHAPTER 1 33
- 1.2.1 Wireless Features 36
- Antenna 37
- WEP Encryption 37
- Output Power Management 37
- 1.4 Front Panel LEDs 38
- 1.5 Hardware Connection 39
- CHAPTER 2 41
- Figure 4 Password Screen 42
- 2.3.1 Using the Reset Button 43
- 2.4.1 Navigation Panel 43
- 2.4.2 Status Screen 46
- Figure 8 Status Screen 47
- Table 4 Status Screen 47
- 2.4.3 Status: Any IP Table 49
- 2.4.4 Status: WLAN Status 49
- Table 6 Status: WLAN Status 50
- Figure 13 System General 53
- CHAPTER 3 55
- Figure 15 Wizard: Welcome 56
- 3.2.1 Automatic Detection 57
- 3.2.2 Manual Configuration 57
- CHAPTER 4 69
- Figure 33 Select a Mode 70
- Figure 34 Wizard: Welcome 71
- CHAPTER 5 75
- 5.1.2 Multiplexing 76
- 5.1.4 VPI and VCI 77
- 5.1.5 IP Address Assignment 77
- 5.2 Metric 78
- 5.3 Traffic Shaping 79
- 5.3.1 ATM Traffic Classes 80
- 5.5 Internet Connection 81
- 82 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 82
- Chapter 5 WAN Setup 83 83
- 84 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 84
- 5.6.1 More Connections Edit 85
- 86 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 86
- Chapter 5 WAN Setup 87 87
- 88 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 88
- 5.7 Traffic Redirect 89
- 5.8 Configuring WAN Backup 90
- Check WAN IP Address 91
- 92 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 92
- CHAPTER 6 93
- 6.2.1 SSID 94
- 6.2.2 MAC Address Filter 94
- 6.2.3 User Authentication 95
- 6.2.4 Encryption 95
- 96 Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 96
- Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 97 97
- 6.4.1 No Security 98
- 6.4.2 WEP Encryption 98
- 6.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK 99
- 100 Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 100
- 6.4.4 WPA/WPA2 101
- 102 Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 102
- Table 31 Wireless: WPA/WPA2 102
- Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 103 103
- Figure 53 Advanced 104
- 104 Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 104
- 6.5 OTIST 105
- 6.5.1.2 Wireless Client 106
- 6.5.2 Starting OTIST 107
- 6.6 MAC Filter 108
- Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 109 109
- Table 34 MAC Address Filter 109
- 110 Chapter 6 Wireless LAN 110
- CHAPTER 7 111
- 7.1.2 DHCP Setup 112
- 7.1.3 DNS Server Address 112
- 7.2 LAN TCP/IP 113
- 7.2.2 RIP Setup 114
- 7.2.3 Multicast 115
- 7.2.4 Any IP 115
- 7.2.4.1 How Any IP Works 116
- 7.3 Configuring LAN IP 117
- 118 Chapter 7 LAN Setup 118
- Table 36 Advanced LAN Setup 118
- 7.4 DHCP Setup 119
- 7.5 LAN Client List 120
- 7.6 LAN IP Alias 121
- 122 Chapter 7 LAN Setup 122
- Figure 69 LAN IP Alias 122
- Table 39 LAN IP Alias 122
- Chapter 7 LAN Setup 123 123
- 124 Chapter 7 LAN Setup 124
- CHAPTER 8 125
- 8.1.2 What NAT Does 126
- 8.1.3 How NAT Works 126
- 8.1.4 NAT Application 127
- 8.1.5 NAT Mapping Types 127
- 8.3 NAT General Setup 128
- 8.4 Port Forwarding 129
- 8.6 Address Mapping 133
- CHAPTER 9 137
- 138 Chapter 9 Firewalls 138
- 9.4 Denial of Service 139
- 9.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks 140
- Chapter 9 Firewalls 141 141
- Figure 80 SYN Flood 141
- 9.4.2.1 ICMP Vulnerability 142
- 9.5 Stateful Inspection 143
- 144 Chapter 9 Firewalls 144
- 9.5.3 TCP Security 145
- 9.5.4 UDP/ICMP Security 145
- 9.5.5 Upper Layer Protocols 146
- 9.6.1 Security In General 146
- 9.7.1 Packet Filtering: 147
- 9.7.2 Firewall 148
- CHAPTER 10 149
- 10.3 Rule Logic Overview 150
- 10.4 Connection Direction 151
- 10.4.1 LAN to WAN Rules 152
- 10.4.2 Alerts 152
- 10.6 Firewall Rules Summary 153
- Figure 84 Firewall Rules 154
- Table 53 Firewall Rules 154
- 10.6.2 Customized Services 158
- 10.7 Example Firewall Rule 159
- 10.0.0.15 on the LAN 162
- 10.8 Predefined Services 163
- 10.9 Anti-Probing 165
- 10.10 DoS Thresholds 166
- 10.10.2 Half-Open Sessions 167
- CHAPTER 11 171
- CHAPTER 12 175
- 12.2.1 Static Route Edit 176
- Chapter 12 Static Route 177 177
- Table 64 Static Route Edit 177
- 178 Chapter 12 Static Route 178
- CHAPTER 13 179
- 13.5 Scheduler 180
- 13.8 Configuring Summary 184
- 13.9.1 Rule Configuration 187
- 13.10 Bandwidth Monitor 189
- CHAPTER 14 191
- Figure 106 Dynamic DNS 192
- Table 75 Dynamic DNS 192
- Device and the DDNS server 193
- CHAPTER 15 195
- 15.2 WWW 196
- 15.3 Telnet 197
- 15.4 Configuring Telnet 197
- 15.5 Configuring FTP 198
- 15.6 SNMP 199
- 15.6.1 Supported MIBs 200
- 15.6.2 SNMP Traps 201
- 15.6.3 Configuring SNMP 201
- 15.7 Configuring DNS 202
- 15.8 Configuring ICMP 203
- 15.9 TR-069 204
- Figure 115 Enabling TR-069 205
- Table 83 TR-069 Commands 205
- CHAPTER 16 207
- 16.2 UPnP and ZyXEL 208
- Table 84 Configuring UPnP 209
- Components selection box 210
- Figure 126 System Tray Icon 214
- Network 216
- CHAPTER 17 219
- 220 Chapter 17 System 220
- 17.2 Time Setting 221
- 222 Chapter 17 System 222
- Chapter 17 System 223 223
- 224 Chapter 17 System 224
- CHAPTER 18 225
- 226 Chapter 18 Logs 226
- Figure 133 View Log 226
- Table 87 View Log 226
- Chapter 18 Logs 227 227
- Figure 134 Log Settings 227
- Table 88 Log Settings 227
- 18.3.1 Example E-mail Log 228
- 18.4 Log Descriptions 229
- 230 Chapter 18 Logs 230
- Table 90 System Error Logs 230
- Chapter 18 Logs 231 231
- Table 92 TCP Reset Logs 231
- 232 Chapter 18 Logs 232
- Table 93 Packet Filter Logs 232
- Table 94 ICMP Logs 232
- 234 Chapter 18 Logs 234
- Table 99 Attack Logs 234
- Chapter 18 Logs 235 235
- Table 100 IPSec Logs 235
- 236 Chapter 18 Logs 236
- Table 101 IKE Logs 236
- Chapter 18 Logs 237 237
- 238 Chapter 18 Logs 238
- Table 102 PKI Logs 238
- Chapter 18 Logs 239 239
- 240 Chapter 18 Logs 240
- Table 104 802.1X Logs 240
- Chapter 18 Logs 241 241
- Table 105 ACL Setting Notes 241
- 242 Chapter 18 Logs 242
- Table 106 ICMP Notes 242
- Chapter 18 Logs 243 243
- Table 107 Syslog Logs 243
- 244 Chapter 18 Logs 244
- CHAPTER 19 245
- 246 Chapter 19 Tools 246
- 19.2 Configuration Screen 247
- 19.2.2 Restore Configuration 248
- 19.3 Restart 249
- 250 Chapter 19 Tools 250
- CHAPTER 20 251
- 20.2 DSL Line Diagnostic 252
- CHAPTER 21 253
- 21.3 Problems with the WAN 254
- APPENDIX A 257
- Table 118 Firmware 258
- APPENDIX B 261
- 262 Appendix B About ADSL 262
- APPENDIX C 263
- Example Internal SPTGEN Menus 266
- Table 121 Menu 3 267
- Table 123 Menu 12 271
- Command Examples 278
- APPENDIX D 279
- APPENDIX E 281
- Installing Components 282
- Configuring 283
- Windows 2000/NT/XP 284
- Macintosh OS 8/9 289
- Macintosh OS X 291
- Verifying Settings 292
- Using Configuration Files 294
- APPENDIX F 297
- Subnet Masks 298
- Subnetting 299
- Example: Two Subnets 300
- Example: Four Subnets 301
- Example Eight Subnets 302
- Appendix F IP Subnetting 303 303
- 304 Appendix F IP Subnetting 304
- APPENDIX G 305
- Log Commands 306
- Log Command Example 307
- APPENDIX H 309
- APPENDIX I 315
- NetBIOS Filter Configuration 316
- APPENDIX J 317
- ZyXEL Device With ISDN 319
- APPENDIX K 321
- 322 Appendix K Wireless LANs 322
- Appendix K Wireless LANs 323 323
- Fragmentation Threshold 324
- Preamble Type 325
- IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN 325
- Wireless Security Overview 326
- Types of Authentication 327
- PEAP (Protected EAP) 328
- Dynamic WEP Key Exchange 329
- WPA and WPA2 329
- Encryption 330
- User Authentication 331
- 332 Appendix K Wireless LANs 332
- Security Parameters Summary 333
- 334 Appendix K Wireless LANs 334
- APPENDIX L 335
- Figure 189 Internet Options 336
- JavaScripts 338
- 3 Scroll down to Scripting 339
- Java Permissions 340
- JAVA (Sun) 341
- Figure 195 Java (Sun) 342
- APPENDIX M 343
- IP Aliasing 344
- Numerics 345
- 346 Index 346
- Index 347 347
- 348 Index 348
- Index 349 349
- 350 Index 350
- Index 351 351
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