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Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
VSG1432-B101 Series User’s Guide
350
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of
2
7
– 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself,
all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127
with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP
address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and
the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit
address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets,
you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01,
10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
6
- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a
host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast
address).
Table 119 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 120 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
- VSG1432-B101 Series 1
- About This User's Guide 3
- Customer Support 4
- Disclaimer 4
- Document Conventions 5
- Icons Used in Figures 6
- Safety Warnings 7
- Contents Overview 10
- Table of Contents 11
- Chapter 7 13
- Chapter 8 13
- User’s Guide 21
- CHAPTER 1 23
- 1.4.1 Internet Access 24
- ADSL / VDSL 25
- Ethernet 25
- 1.5 Hardware Setup 26
- 1.6 Hardware Connections 28
- 1.7 LEDs (Lights) 29
- Table 1 LED Descriptions 30
- 1.8 The RESET Button 31
- 1.9 Wireless Access 31
- CHAPTER 2 33
- Figure 7 Password Screen 34
- Figure 8 Welcome Screen 34
- Figure 10 Network Map 35
- 2.2 Web Configurator Layout 36
- 2.2.2 Main Window 37
- 2.2.3 Navigation Panel 37
- LINK TAB FUNCTION 39
- CHAPTER 3 41
- CHAPTER 4 43
- (DNS server1)/192.168.5.1 44
- Chapter 4 Tutorials 45
- SSID Example 46
- Security Mode WPA-PSK 46
- 802.11 Mode 802.11b/g/n Mixed 46
- 4.3.2 Using WPS 48
- Wireless Client 50
- ZyXEL Device 50
- PIN Configuration 51
- 4.3.3 Without WPS 52
- SSID Company VIP Guest 53
- Another Network 58
- 10,000 kbps 61
- Chapter 4 Tutorials 62
- • Rate Limit: 5,000 (kbps) 62
- Technical Reference 67
- CHAPTER 5 69
- the ZyXEL Device to update 70
- 5.3 The Status Screen 71
- Table 5 Status Screen 72
- CHAPTER 6 75
- 6.1.2 Before You Begin 76
- 6.2 The Broadband Screen 77
- 6.2.1 Add/Edit Broadband 78
- 6.2.2 PPPoE Encapsulation 78
- Chapter 6 Broadband 79
- Chapter 6 Broadband 80
- 6.2.2.1 Bridge 83
- 6.3 Technical Reference 86
- 6.3.2 Multiplexing 87
- 6.3.3 VPI and VCI 87
- 6.3.4 IP Address Assignment 87
- 6.3.5 NAT 88
- 6.3.6 Traffic Shaping 88
- 6.3.7 ATM Traffic Classes 89
- 6.3.8 Introduction to VLANs 89
- CHAPTER 7 91
- 7.2 The General Screen 92
- Chapter 7 Wireless 93
- 7.2.1 No Security 95
- 7.2.2 Basic (WEP Encryption) 96
- 7.2.4 WPA(2) Authentication 99
- 7.3 The More AP Screen 101
- 7.3.1 Edit More AP 102
- 7.4 MAC Authentication 103
- 7.5 The WPS Screen 105
- 7.6 The WMM Screen 106
- 7.7 The WDS Screen 107
- LABEL DESCRIPTION 108
- Chapter 7 Wireless 108
- 7.7.1 WDS Scan 109
- 7.8 The Others Screen 110
- 7.9 Technical Reference 111
- Radio Channels 113
- 7.9.3.1 SSID 114
- 7.9.3.4 Encryption 116
- 7.9.4 Signal Problems 117
- 7.9.5 BSS 117
- 7.9.6 MBSSID 118
- 7.9.7 Preamble Type 119
- 7.9.9.2 PIN Configuration 121
- Figure 40 How WPS works 123
- REGISTRARENROLLEE 124
- SECURITY INFO 124
- REGISTRAR 124
- ENROLLEE 124
- EXISTING CONNECTION 124
- CHAPTER 8 127
- 8.1.2 What You Need To Know 128
- 8.1.3 Before You Begin 129
- 8.2 The LAN Setup Screen 130
- Chapter 8 Home Networking 131
- 8.3 The Static DHCP Screen 132
- 8.4 The UPnP Screen 133
- Installing UPnP in Windows Me 134
- Installing UPnP in Windows XP 136
- Networking Services 137
- System Tray Icon 139
- Web Configurator Easy Access 140
- Network Co nnections 141
- 8.7.2 DHCP Setup 143
- 8.7.3 DNS Server Addresses 143
- 8.7.4 LAN TCP/IP 144
- Private IP Addresses 145
- Chapter 8 Home Networking 146
- CHAPTER 9 147
- 9.2 The Routing Screen 148
- Figure 51 Routing: Add/Edit 149
- Table 29 Routing: Add/Edit 149
- Chapter 9 Static Routing 150
- CHAPTER 10 151
- 10.2 What You Need to Know 152
- Traffic Policing 153
- 10.4 The Queue Setup Screen 154
- 10.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue 156
- 10.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class 159
- 10.7 The QoS Monitor Screen 165
- 10.8 Technical Reference 166
- DiffServ 167
- DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior 167
- IP Precedence 167
- Token Bucket 169
- Two Rate Three Color Marker 170
- CHAPTER 11 171
- Chapter 11 Policy Forwarding 173
- Chapter 11 Policy Forwarding 174
- CHAPTER 12 175
- Global/Local 176
- Port Forwarding 176
- Finding Out More 176
- A=192.168.1.33 177
- D=192.168.1.36 177
- C=192.168.1.3 177
- B=192.168.1.34 177
- 12.3 The Applications Screen 179
- 12.3.1 Add New Application 180
- Table 45 Applications: Add 181
- 12.5 The DMZ Screen 185
- 12.6 The ALG Screen 186
- 12.7 The Sessions Screen 186
- 12.8 Technical Reference 187
- 12.8.2 What NAT Does 188
- 12.8.3 How NAT Works 189
- 12.8.4 NAT Application 190
- Port Forwarding Example 191
- CHAPTER 13 193
- 13.1.2 What You Need To Know 194
- 13.2 The DNS Entry Screen 195
- 13.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen 196
- Chapter 13 Dynamic DNS Setup 197
- Chapter 13 Dynamic DNS Setup 198
- CHAPTER 14 199
- IGMP Proxy 200
- Router Alert Option 201
- 14.2 The IGMP General Screen 202
- Chapter 14 IGMP 203
- 14.3.2 IGMP Service Add 207
- 14.4 IGMP ACL Configuration 209
- 14.4.1 IGMP ACL Add 210
- CHAPTER 15 211
- Internet 212
- Chapter 15 Interface Group 214
- CHAPTER 16 215
- 16.1.2 What You Need to Know 216
- 16.2 The Firewall Screen 217
- 16.3 The Protocol Screen 217
- Chapter 16 Firewall 218
- 16.3.1 Add a Protocol 219
- Chapter 16 Firewall 221
- CHAPTER 17 225
- Chapter 17 MAC Filter 226
- CHAPTER 18 227
- Table 71 Parental Control 228
- Chapter 18 Parental Control 229
- Chapter 18 Parental Control 230
- CHAPTER 19 231
- 19.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule 232
- CHAPTER 20 233
- Chapter 20 Certificates 236
- 20.3.3 Import Certificate 237
- 20.3.4 Certificate Details 239
- 20.4 The Trusted CA Screen 241
- Table 82 Trusted CA: View 242
- CHAPTER 21 245
- 21.1.2 What You Need to Know 246
- Local Network 248
- Remote Network 248
- VPN Tunnel 248
- 21.3.1.1 Auto(IKE) Key Setup 249
- Chapter 21 IPSec 251
- Chapter 21 IPSec 252
- 21.3.1.2 Manual Key Setup 253
- 21.4 Technical Reference 256
- 21.4.1 IPSec Architecture 257
- 21.4.2 Encapsulation 258
- 21.4.3 IKE Phases 259
- 21.4.4 Negotiation Mode 260
- 21.4.5 IPSec and NAT 260
- Table 89 VPN and NAT 261
- 21.4.7 ID Type and Content 262
- 21.4.8 Pre-Shared Key 263
- CHAPTER 22 265
- Chapter 22 Service Control 266
- CHAPTER 23 267
- 23.2 ARP Table Screen 268
- CHAPTER 24 269
- 24.2 The System Log Screen 270
- 24.3 The Security Log Screen 271
- Chapter 24 Logs 272
- CHAPTER 25 273
- 25.2 The WAN Status Screen 274
- Chapter 25 Traffic Status 275
- 25.3 The LAN Status Screen 276
- Chapter 25 Traffic Status 278
- CHAPTER 26 279
- 26.3 IGMP Statistics Screen 280
- Chapter 26 IGMP Status 281
- Chapter 26 IGMP Status 282
- CHAPTER 27 283
- CHAPTER 28 287
- 28.3 The TR-064 Screen 289
- Chapter 28 Remote Management 290
- CHAPTER 29 291
- Chapter 29 Time Settings 292
- Chapter 29 Time Settings 293
- CHAPTER 30 295
- Chapter 30 Logs Setting 296
- 30.2.1 Example E-mail Log 297
- CHAPTER 31 299
- Figure 142 Error Message 300
- CHAPTER 32 301
- Restore Configuration 302
- Reset to Factory Defaults 303
- 32.3 The Reboot Screen 304
- CHAPTER 33 305
- Chapter 33 Diagnostic 306
- CHAPTER 34 307
- I forgot the password 308
- 34.3 Internet Access 310
- Chapter 34 Troubleshooting 314
- CHAPTER 35 315
- 35.2 Firmware Specifications 316
- STANDARD DESCRIPTION 320
- APPENDIX A 321
- Windows 95/98/Me 322
- Configuring 323
- Verifying Settings 324
- Windows 2000/NT/XP 325
- Windows Vista 329
- Macintosh OS 8/9 336
- Macintosh OS X 338
- Using Configuration Files 341
- APPENDIX B 345
- Subnet Masks 346
- Network Size 347
- Notation 348
- Subnetting 348
- Example: Four Subnets 350
- Example: Eight Subnets 351
- Subnet Planning 352
- Configuring IP Addresses 352
- APPENDIX C 355
- JavaScripts 358
- Java Permissions 360
- JAVA (Sun) 361
- Mozilla Firefox 362
- APPENDIX D 365
- Figure 198 RTS/CTS 368
- Fragmentation Threshold 369
- IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN 369
- Wireless Security Overview 369
- IEEE 802.1x 370
- Types of EAP Authentication 371
- Dynamic WEP Key Exchange 373
- WPA and WPA2 374
- User Authentication 375
- Security Parameters Summary 377
- Antenna Overview 378
- Antenna Characteristics 378
- Types of Antennas for WLAN 379
- Positioning Antennas 379
- Appendix D Wireless LANs 380
- APPENDIX E 381
- Appendix E Services 382
- Appendix E Services 383
- APPENDIX F 385
- APPENDIX G 397
- ZyXEL Limited Warranty 399
- Registration 400
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